染雾常见地质专业英文词汇 篇一
The field of geology is a fascinating and diverse discipline that encompasses the study of the Earth's solid materials, its structures, and the processes that shape and transform them over time. In order to effectively communicate within the geology community, it is essential to have a strong grasp of the various specialized terms and vocabulary used in the field. In this article, we will explore some of the most common geology-related English words and phrases.
1. Igneous: This term refers to rocks that are formed from the solidification of molten material, such as lava or magma.
2. Sedimentary: Sedimentary rocks are formed when layers of sediments, such as sand, silt, or clay, are compacted and cemented together over time.
3. Metamorphic: Metamorphic rocks are formed when pre-existing rocks undergo changes in response to heat, pressure, or chemical reactions.
4. Stratigraphy: This branch of geology focuses on the study of rock layers and their arrangement in chronological order.
5. Paleontology: Paleontology is the study of ancient life forms through the examination of fossils.
6. Tectonic plates: These are large, rigid pieces of the Earth's lithosphere that move and interact with each other, causing earthquakes, volcanic activity, and the formation of mountain ranges.
7. Fault: A fault is a fracture or break in the Earth's crust along which rocks on either side have moved relative to each other.
8. Erosion: Erosion is the process by which rocks and soil are transported and worn away by wind, water, or ice.
9. Weathering: Weathering refers to the breakdown and alteration of rocks and minerals at or near the Earth's surface due to various physical and chemical processes.
10. Geochronology: Geochronology is the science of determining the age of rocks, fossils, and geological events.
11. Mineralogy: Mineralogy is the study of minerals, which are naturally occurring inorganic substances with characteristic chemical compositions and crystal structures.
12. Geomorphology: Geomorphology is the study of landforms and the processes that create and shape them.
13. Geothermal: Geothermal refers to the heat energy derived from the Earth's interior, often used for power generation or heating purposes.
14. Hydrogeology: Hydrogeology is the study of groundwater and its movement through rocks and sediments.
15. Seismology: Seismology is the study of earthquakes and seismic waves.
By familiarizing yourself with these essential geology terms, you will be better equipped to understand and participate in discussions and research within the geology community. Whether you are a student, a professional, or simply someone with a keen interest in the Earth sciences, building a strong foundation of geology vocabulary is a crucial step towards becoming a proficient geologist.
常见地质专业英文词汇 篇二
The field of geology is a vast and complex discipline that encompasses the study of the Earth's solid materials, processes, and history. As a geologist, it is essential to have a solid understanding of the specialized vocabulary used in the field in order to communicate effectively with colleagues and convey complex concepts. In this article, we will explore some additional common geology-related English words and phrases.
1. Geophysics: Geophysics is the study of the Earth's physical properties and processes, such as gravity, magnetic fields, and seismic waves.
2. Geotechnical engineering: Geotechnical engineering involves the application of geological principles to the design and construction of structures such as buildings, bridges, and dams.
3. Fossil fuel: Fossil fuels are hydrocarbon-based energy sources, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, that are formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals.
4. Geomagnetic reversal: A geomagnetic reversal is a change in the Earth's magnetic field, where the North and South magnetic poles switch places.
5. Geologic time scale: The geologic time scale is a system used by geologists to organize and divide Earth's history into different time intervals, based on significant geological events and fossil evidence.
6. Geohazard: A geohazard refers to a natural event or phenomenon, such as an earthquake, landslide, or volcanic eruption, that poses a risk to human life or property.
7. Geospatial analysis: Geospatial analysis involves the use of geographic information systems (GIS) and other tools to analyze and interpret spatial data in a geological context.
8. Paleomagnetism: Paleomagnetism is the study of the Earth's ancient magnetic field as preserved in rocks, providing insights into past plate tectonic movements and the positions of continents.
9. Geologic mapping: Geologic mapping involves the creation of detailed maps that depict the distribution and characteristics of rocks, sediments, and other geological features in a specific area.
10. Geotechnical investigation: Geotechnical investigation entails the collection and analysis of soil and rock samples to assess their properties and suitability for engineering projects.
11. Geochemistry: Geochemistry is the study of the chemical composition and behavior of elements and compounds in rocks, minerals, and fluids.
12. Geostatistics: Geostatistics is a branch of statistics that deals with the analysis and interpretation of spatially distributed data, commonly used in geological modeling and resource estimation.
13. Exfoliation: Exfoliation is a process by which rocks shed outer layers due to the release of pressure, resulting in the formation of curved or rounded rock surfaces.
14. Glacial: Glacial refers to processes, landforms, and deposits associated with glaciers, such as moraines, cirques, and glacial lakes.
15. Geologic hazard assessment: Geologic hazard assessment involves the identification, evaluation, and mitigation of potential geological hazards in a given area, to inform land-use planning and infrastructure development.
By expanding your knowledge of geology-related English vocabulary, you will enhance your ability to engage in meaningful discussions, conduct research, and contribute to the field of geology. Whether you are studying geology, working as a professional geologist, or simply have a passion for Earth sciences, developing a comprehensive understanding of geology terms and concepts is crucial for success in the field.
常见地质专业英文词汇 篇三
常见地质专业英文词汇
据很多同学反映，专业英文词汇量少给自己的学习工作带来很大的不便。我们学习研究的.范围不可能只局限于国内，只有打开视野，更多的交流才能真正的提高自己水平。小编特此分类为大家整理了一些常用的专业初级英文词汇，空闲时间多看看，至少不得眼熟吗？速速收藏！
地质年代
Relative Time 相对年代 / Absolute Time 绝对年代
isotopic age 同位素年龄
law of superposition 地层层序律
law of faunal succession 生物层序律
fossil 化石
index fossil 标准化石
chronologic scale 地质年代表
eon宙/ era代/ period纪/ epoch世
eonothem宇/arethem界/ system系/ series统
Archaeozoic era(erathem) 太古代(界)
Proterozoic era(erathem) 元古代(界)
Palaeozoic era(erathem) 古生代(界)
Mesozoic era(erathem) 中生代(界)
Cenozoic era(erathem) 新生代(界)
Sinian period(system) 震旦纪(系)
Cambrian period(system) 寒武纪(系)
Ordovician period(system) 奥陶纪(系)
Silurian period(system) 志留纪(系)
Devonian period(system) 泥盆纪(系)
Carboniferous period(system) 石炭纪(系)
Permian period(system) 二叠纪(系)
Triassic period(system) 三叠纪(系)
Jurassic period(system) 侏罗纪(系)
Cretaceous period(system) 白垩纪(系)
Tertiary period(system) 第三纪(系)
Quaternary period(system) 第四纪(系)
矿物
element 元素
isotope 同位素
radioactive isotope 放射性同位素
stable isotope 稳定同位素
clarke number 克拉克值
mineral 矿物
crystal 晶体
crystalline 结晶质
amorphous substance 非晶质
crystal form 晶形
classification 分类
chemical bond 化学键
polymorphism 同质多像
isomorphism 类质同像
aggregate 集合体
degree of rounding 磨圆度
degree of grains 粒度
transparency 透明度
luster 光泽
streak 条痕
color 颜色
hardness 硬度
cleavage 解理
fracture 断口;断裂
silicate minerals 硅酸盐矿物
silicon oxygen tetrahedron 硅氧四面体
岩石与成岩作用
1.岩浆作用与火成岩
petrology 岩石学
igneous rock 火成岩
structure 构造texture 结构
mineral composition 矿物组成
magmatism 岩浆作用
magma 岩浆
Extrusion 喷出作用(火山作用)：
pyroclastic rocks 火山碎屑岩
lava 熔岩
ash 火山灰
bomb 火山弹
columnar joint 柱状节理
pahoehoe lava 波状熔岩
block lava 块状熔岩
komatiite 科马提岩
crater 火山口
caldera 破火山口
circum pacific volcanic belt
环太平洋火山带
intrusion 侵入作用
country rock 围岩
assimilation 同化混染作用
xenolith 捕虏体
fractional crystallization 结晶分异作用
continuous reaction 连续反应系列
discontinuous reaction 不连续反应系
dike岩脉/sheet岩床/rockbasin岩盆
laccolith岩盖/stock岩株/batholith岩基
cryptocrystalline texture 隐晶质结构
phanerocrystalline texture 显晶质结构
porphyritic texture斑状结构
porphyaceous texture似斑状结构
massive structure 块状构造
flowed structure 流动构造
fumarolic structure 气孔构造
layered structure 层状构造
intrusive(invade)rock 侵入岩
effusive rock 喷出岩
plutonic rock 深成岩
pypabyssal rock 浅成岩
acid rock 酸性岩
intermediate rock中性岩
basic rock基性岩
ultrabasic rock超基性岩
granite 花岗岩
porphyry 斑岩
porphyrite 玢岩
rhyolite 流纹岩
syenite 正长岩
trachyte 粗面岩
diorite 闪长岩
andesite 安山岩
gabbro 辉长岩
basalt 玄武岩
aplite 细晶岩
pegmatite 伟晶岩
lamprophyre 煌斑岩
diabase 辉绿岩
dunite 橄榄岩
pumice 浮岩
2.外力地质作用与沉积岩
fossil 化石
sedimentary rock 沉积岩
atmosphere 大气圈
biosphere 生物圈
hydrosphere 水圈
transportation 搬运作用
sedimentation 沉积作用(广义)
deposition 沉积作用(狭义)
clastic deposits 碎屑沉积物
chemical sediments 化学沉积物
biogenic sediment 生物沉积物
compaction 压固作用
cementation 胶结作用
recrystallization 重结晶作用
detrital texture 碎屑结构
sorting 分选性
roundness 圆度
sedimentary structure 沉积构造
bedding 层理
cross bedding 交错层理
stratification plane 层面
ripple/wave/swash mark 波痕
mudcrack/desiccation crack 泥裂
stylolites 缝合线
concretion/nodule 结核
casts/ Molds 印模
agate 玛瑙
clastic 碎屑
sediment(deposit) 沉积物、沉积层
boulder 漂石、顽石
cobble 卵石
gravel 砾石
sand 砂
silt 粉土
clay 粘土
sandy clay 砂质粘土
clayey sand 粘质砂土
sandy loam 壤土、亚黏土
regolith(topsoil) 浮土(表土)
loess 黄土
laterite 红土
peat 泥炭
ooze 软泥(海泥)
clay rock 黏土岩
chemical rock 化学岩
biolith 生物岩
conglomerate 砾岩
sandstone 砂岩
siltstone 粉砂岩
mudstone 泥岩
shale 页岩
saline rock 岩盐
limestone 石灰岩
dolomite 白云岩
marl 泥灰岩
volcanic breccia 火山角砾岩
volcanic agglomerate 火山块集岩
tuffite 凝灰岩
warmkalk 竹叶状灰岩
oolitic limestone 鲕粒灰岩
Mudstone 泥晶灰岩
3.变质作用与变质岩
Metamorphism 变质作用
metamorphic rock 变质岩
geostatic pressure 静压力
coesite 柯石英
crystalloblastic texture 变晶结构
blast 变晶
palimpsest texture 变余结构
slaty structure 板状构造
phyllitic structure 千枚状构造
schistose structure 片状构造
schistosity 片理
gneissose structure 片麻状构造
palimpsest structure 变余构造
contact-metasomatic metamorphism
接触热变质作用
contact-metasomatic metamorphism
接触交代变质作用
regional metamorphism
区域变质作用
burial metamorphism
埋藏变质作用
migmatization
混合岩化作用
slate 板岩
phyllite 千枚岩
schist 片岩
gneiss 片麻岩
quartzite 石英岩
marble 大理岩
mylonite 糜棱岩
migmatite 混合岩
cataclasite 碎裂岩
地质构造
Fault 断层
normal fault 正断层
reversed fault 逆断层
paralled fault 平移断层
gouge 断层泥
stria 擦痕
joint 节理
primary joint 原生节理
secondary 次生节理
tension joint 张节理
unloading joint 卸荷节理
schistosity 片理
bedding 层理
foliation 板理(叶理)
ripple mark 波痕
rain print 雨痕
orientation of bedrock 岩层产状
strike 走向
dip 倾向
angle of dip(dip angle)倾角
fold 褶皱
anticline 背斜
syncline 向斜
monocline(homocline) 单斜
dome 穹隆
soft stratum 软弱岩层
zone of fracture(broken zone)破碎带
affected zone 影响带
platy structure 板状构造
cleavage 解理
fracture(rupture)断裂
fissure(crack fracture)裂隙
crustal movement 地壳运动
contour map 等高线图，构造图
old shoreline 古岸线
pinchout 地层尖灭
truncation of beds 地层截断
sand trend 砂层趋势
strata / beds 岩层，地层
symme trical anticline 对称背斜
plunging asymme trical anticline
不对称倾伏背斜
plunging syncline 倾伏向斜
thrust fault 逆掩断层
lateral fault 平移断层
rotational fault 旋转断层
upthrust fault 仰冲断层
conformity 整合
unconformity 不整合
disconformity 假整合
angular unconformity 角度不整合
salt dome 盐丘
dome with deep salt core
具有盐核的穹隆
vitrinite 镜质体
geological profile 地质剖面
outcrops 露头
unweathered outcrops
未经风化的露头
cuttings 岩屑
core 岩心
板块学说与地球内部构造
Hypocenter 震源
Epicenter 震中
Tsunami 海啸
tectonic earthquake 构造地震
volcanic earthquake 火山地震
seismograph 地震仪
longitudinal wave 纵波
transversal wave 横波
epicentral distance 震中距
isoseismal line 等震线
magnitude 震级
aerolite 石陨石
aerosiderite 铁陨石
pallasite 石铁陨
mohorovicic discontinuity 莫霍面
gutenberg discontinuity 古登堡面
crus 地壳
mantle 地幔
core 地核match
asthenosphere 软流圈
lithosphere 岩石圈
oceanic crust 大洋地壳
continental crust 大陆地壳
continental drift 大陆漂移
pangaea联合古陆
Laurasia (old) land劳亚古陆
gondwana land冈瓦纳古陆
Tethys古地中海
mantle convection hypothesis
地幔对流说
ocean floor spreading 海底扩张
plate tectonics 板块构造
mid oceanic ridge 洋脊
rift 裂谷
active continental margin
活动大陆边缘
stable continental margin
稳定大陆边缘
volcanic arc 火山弧
Trench 海沟
benioff zone 毕鸟夫带
collisional orogenic belt
碰撞造山带
guyot 海底平顶山
island chain 岛链
mantle plume 地幔柱
hot spot 热点
magnetic inclination 磁倾角
magnetic declination 磁偏角
geomagnetic reversal 地磁逆转
transform fault 转换断层
wilson cycle 威尔逊旋回
plate margin 板块边缘
风化作用
physical weathering 物理风化
chemical weathering 化学风化
spheroidal weathering 球状风化
differential weathering 差异风化
soil 土壤
weathering crust 风化壳
1.有关河流地质作用
sheet flow 片流
torrent 洪流
deluvium 坡积物
proluvial fan 冲积扇
gully 冲沟
valley 河谷
river bed 河床
base level of erosion 侵蚀基准面
head erosion 溯源侵蚀
crescent lake 牛轭湖
capture 袭夺
turbulence 紊流
aggradation 加积作用
delta 三角洲
terrace 阶地
erosion plain 准平原
2.有关冰川地质作用
snow line 雪线
continental glacier 大陆冰川
mountain glacier 山岳冰川
piedmont glacier 山麓冰川
glacial valley 冰蚀谷
kar 冰斗
roche moutonnee 羊背石
glacial scratches 冰川擦痕
glacial till 冰碛物
tillite 冰碛岩
glacial erratic boulder 冰川漂砾
varve 季候泥
3.有关地下水地质作用
Aquifer 含水层
aquiclude 隔水层
water table 潜水层
hypogene spring 上升泉
gravity spring 下降泉
groundwater 潜水
confined water 承压水
pore water 孔隙水
crack water/ fissure water 裂隙水
cavern water 溶洞水
geothermal field 地热田
stalactite 钟乳石
sinter 泉华
4.有关海洋地质作用
Benthos 底栖生物
Haloplankton 浮游生物
Wave 波浪
tidal current 潮流
turbidity current 浊流
lagoon 泻湖
offshore外滨
foreshore前滨
backshore后滨
5.有关湖泊、沼泽地质作用
tectonic lake 构造湖
paternoster lakes 串珠湖
barrier lake 堰塞湖
salt lake 盐湖
peat 泥炭
fen 沼泽
6.有关风地质作用
Corrosion 磨蚀
Ventifact 风棱石
sand hill 砂丘
barchane/ barkhan新月形砂丘
desert 沙漠
loess 黄土
desertification 沙漠化
地球演化
gravitative differentiation 重力分异
protoatmosphere 原始气圈
ediacara fauna 埃迪卡拉动物群
continental nucleus 陆核
shield 地盾
trilobite 三叶虫
graptolites 笔石
cephalopoda 头足纲
Brachiopoda 腕足类
Dinosaurs 恐龙
Archaeopteryx 始祖鸟
Paleogeography 古地理
